The Silent World

(1939-1945)

   In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.

   In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.

   To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.

   The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.

   Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.

   Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.

   Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.

   Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.

   The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.

   The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.

   Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.

   In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.

   Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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He was the son of a country lawyer who became legal advisor and travelling companion to certain rich Americans. At an early age Cousteau acquired a love of travel, of the sea and of cinematography: he made his first film at the age of 13. After an interrupted education he nevertheless passed the difficult entrance examination to the Ecole Navale in Brest, but his naval career was cut short in 1936 by injuries received in a serious motor accident. For his long recuperation he was drafted to Toulon. There he met Philippe Tailliez, a fellow naval officer, and Frédéric Dumas, a champion spearfisher, with whom he formed a long association and began to develop his underwater swimming and photography. He apparently took little part in the Second World War, but under cover he applied his photographic skills to espionage, for which he was awarded the Légion d'honneur after the war.

Cousteau sought greater freedom of movement underwater and, with Emile Gagnan, who worked in the laboratory of Air Liquide, he began experimenting to improve portable underwater breathing apparatus. As a result, in 1943 they invented the aqualung. Its simple design and robust construction provided a reliable and low-cost unit and revolutionized scientific and recreational diving. Gagnan shunned publicity, but Cousteau revelled in the new freedom to explore and photograph underwater and exploited the publicity potential to the full.

The Undersea Research Group was set up by the French Navy in 1944 and, based in Toulon, it provided Cousteau with the Opportunity to develop underwater exploration and filming techniques and equipment. Its first aims were minesweeping and exploration, but in 1948 Cousteau pioneered an extension to marine archaeology. In 1950 he raised the funds to acquire a surplus US-built minesweeper, which he fitted out to further his quest for exploration and adventure and named Calypso. Cousteau also sought and achieved public acclaim with the publication in 1953 of The Silent World, an account of his submarine observations, illustrated by his own brilliant photography. The book was an immediate success and was translated into twenty-two languages. In 1955 Calypso sailed through the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean, and the outcome was a film bearing the same title as the book: it won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the Cannes film festival. This was his favoured medium for the expression of his ideas and observations, and a stream of films on the same theme kept his name before the public.

Cousteau's fame earned him appointment by Prince Rainier as Director of the Oceanographie Institute in Monaco in 1957, a post he held until 1988. With its museum and research centre, it offered Cousteau a useful base for his worldwide activities.

In the 1980s Cousteau turned again to technological development. Like others before him, he was concerned to reduce ships' fuel consumption by harnessing wind power. True to form, he raised grants from various sources to fund research and enlisted technical help, namely Lucien Malavard, Professor of Aerodynamics at the Sorbonne. Malavard designed a 44 ft (13.4 m) high non-rotating cylinder, which was fitted onto a catamaran hull, christened Moulin à vent. It was intended that its maiden Atlantic crossing in 1983 should herald a new age in ship propulsion, with large royalties to Cousteau. Unfortunately the vessel was damaged in a storm and limped to the USA under diesel power. A more robust vessel, the Alcyone, was fitted with two "Turbosails" in 1985 and proved successful, with a 40 per cent reduction in fuel consumption. However, oil prices fell, removing the incentive to fit the new device; the lucrative sales did not materialize and Alcyone remained the only vessel with Turbosails, sharing with Calypso Cousteau's voyages of adventure and exploration. In September 1995, Cousteau was among the critics of the decision by the French President Jacques Chirac to resume testing of nuclear explosive devices under the Mururoa atoll in the South Pacific.

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1) (to walk, travel, move etc: He is going across the field; Go straight ahead; When did he go out?) gå, dra, reise

2) (to be sent, passed on etc: Complaints have to go through the proper channels.) bli sendt, skulle sendes

3) (to be given, sold etc: The prize goes to John Smith; The table went for $100.) gå (til); bli solgt

4) (to lead to: Where does this road go?) gå, føre

5) (to visit, to attend: He goes to school every day; I decided not to go to the movie.) gå på

6) (to be destroyed etc: This wall will have to go.) bli fjernet

7) (to proceed, be done: The meeting went very well.) gå, forløpe, utvikle seg

8) (to move away: I think it is time you were going.) dra, gå

9) (to disappear: My purse has gone!) forsvinne

10) (to do (some action or activity): I'm going for a walk; I'm going hiking next week-end.) skal gjøre (noe)

11) (to fail etc: I think the clutch on this car has gone.) ryke, gå

12) (to be working etc: I don't think that clock is going.) virke

13) (to become: These apples have gone bad.) bli (fordervet, osv.)

14) (to be: Many people in the world regularly go hungry.) være, gå

15) (to be put: Spoons go in that drawer.) høre hjemme, ha sin plass

16) (to pass: Time goes quickly when you are enjoying yourself.) gå

17) (to be used: All her pocket-money goes on sweets.) bli brukt på/til

18) (to be acceptable etc: Anything goes in this office.) være lov

19) (to make a particular noise: Dogs go woof, not miaow.) lage en lyd, si

20) (to have a particular tune etc: How does that song go?) lyde

21) (to become successful etc: She always makes a party go.) gå bra, være en suksess

1) (an attempt: I'm not sure how to do it, but I'll have a go.) forsøk

2) (energy: She's full of go.) futt, fart, pågangsmot

•

- going

1) (successful: That shop is still a going concern.) vellykket

2) (in existence at present: the going rate for typing manuscripts.) eksisterende, nåværende, vanlig

•

- go-ahead

- go-getter

gå

kjøre

reise

subst. \/ɡəʊ\/

1) ( hverdagslig) hendelse, sak, historie

2) omgang, runde, kule

• a go of influenza

• it was a tough go

3) futt, tæl, pågangsmot, krutt, smell, sving, klem

• there's no go in him

• music without go

4) ( hverdagslig) forsøk

5) ( hverdagslig) glass, runde

• two goes of rum

6) ( hverdagslig) suksess

7) porsjon, dose

all the go eller quite the go eller the go siste skrik, trendy, på moten

• these hats are all the go now

at one go på første forsøk, på én gang, i strekk

• he blew out all the candles at one go

be on the go ( hverdagslig) være på farten, være i gang, være i bevegelse

• she has been on the go all day

be (all) the go være motebevisst, følge siste mote

from go to whoa fra begynnelse til slutt

from the word go se ➢ word, 1

full of go eller have plenty of go full av fart

• she is full of go

have a go at something forsøke seg på noe, gjøre et forsøk på noe

• let me have a go at opening the tin

• have a go yourself

make a go of something lykkes med noe, ha fremgang med noe

• it is difficult to make a go of a new business

a near go nære på, på håret

no go ( sport) tjuvstart ( overført) ingen vits i, nytteløst, feilslått, mislykket

a rum go tøff behandling, hard medfart ( foreldet) en overraskende begivenhet, et merkelig utfall, en snodig affære

that's a go eller here's a go litt av en røre, litt av en suppe

verb ( went - gone) \/ɡəʊ\/

1) dra, reise, gå, kjøre, ferdes

• people were coming and going all the time

• let's go for a drink

2) gå på, delta i, være medlem av

• she goes to school

• I go to aerobics classes twice a week

3) gå omkring (og være), forbli

• the boy went hungry

• he went in constant fear of his life

4) begi seg, dra av gårde, gå

• I'm going home

• I must be going

• he has gone and got married

5) ( særlig om noe negativt) bli, endre tilstand

• I thought I was going insane

• the food had gone bad

6) strekke seg, lede, føre til, gå til

• is this the road that goes into town?

7) ( om tid) gå, passere, forløpe

• three years went much quicker than I had expected

8) ( om utfallet av noe) gå, lykkes

• how did your application go?

9) være på farten, jobbe, stå på

• I've been going hard all day

• she can really go some

10) gjøre

• when you draw a bow you go like this...

11) sette i gang, begynne

• go when you hear the bell!

12) harmonere, passe til, passe sammen

• the necklace and the scarf don't really go

13) ( om maskiner e.l.) funksjonere, gå, være i gang

• the car won't go

14) ( om gjenstander) høre til, høre hjemme, ha sin plass, være, stå, ligge, henge

• I don't know what goes where in your kitchen

• where do you want your piano to go?

15) ( hverdagslig) gå på do

• please, Sir! I have to go!

16) bli solgt for

• the house went for a song

17) gå tom for, slippe opp for, ta slutt, gå unna, bruke opp

• we'll have to stop at the next service station, the petrol's nearly gone

• all his savings went on computer games

18) forsvinne, gå tapt, ryke, gå i vasken

• there went all my money

• there goes my last chance

19) avskaffes, oppheves, oppgis, ofres

• this law has got to go

20) opphøre, ta slutt, gå over, gi seg

• I wish this pain would go

21) avskjediges, slutte, måtte gå

• some of the staff will have to go

22) gå konkurs, gå over ende

• the bank may go any day

23) avta, svikte, gi etter

• the old teacher's eyesight is going

24) dø, gå bort

• the old man went peacefully at 3 a.m.

25) få plass, romme, gå ned, gå inn i

• these shoes will go in the bag

• the letter won't go into the envelope

26) ( matematikk) gå opp i

• 3 into 16 won't go

27) ( om lyd) gå, lyde, kime, si, smelle

• the gun went bang!

28) (om tekster, dikt, sanger e.l.) lyde, sies, gå

• the story goes that...

• can you remember how that song goes?

29) ( om valuta) være gangbar, være gyldig, gå

• American dollars go almost everywhere

30) være akseptabelt, være tillatt, være lov

• anything goes

31) ha det siste ordet

• what I say goes

32) gjøre, foreta, gjennomføre

• go a journey

33) (amer., hverdagslig) strekke seg til

• I'll go $500 for a suit but no more

34) (amer., hverdagslig) vedde, sette, melde

• I'll go $5 on the queen of hearts

• I'll go to two spades

35) (amer., hverdagslig) holde ut

• I can't go his preaching

36) (amer., hverdagslig) smake, ha lyst på

• I could go a glass of beer now

37) (hverdagslig, ofte i indirekte tale) si

• so I go, what'd you do that for?

as something goes hva angår

• she is not very old, as grandmothers go

as things go som vanlig

come and go se ➢ come, 2

go about ( om rykter e.l.) gå, være i omløp, sirkulere, ryktes

• a rumour is going about...

ta en omvei

• they went a long way about

( sjøfart) gå baut, stagvende gå i gang med, sette i gang, gripe noe an

• you go about it the wrong way

utføre, skjøtte, passe

• she generally went about her own business and bothered no one

go about with gå sammen med, henge sammen med, være sammen med

• he's going about with that French girl now

go after gå etter, løpe etter

• she's going after that handsome bloke

• she always went after perks

go against gå imot, motstå

• she didn't have the courage to go against the management

(om følelser, prinsipper) gå på tvers av ( om avgjørelser e.l.) gå imot, være i disfavør

• the jury's verdict went against the accused

go ahead fortsette, gå på sette i gang, starte

• go ahead!

gå (fort) fremover, rykke frem, vinne frem, gjøre fremskritt

• he's going ahead fast

gå i forveien, dra i forveien

• you go ahead and say we're on our way

(også overført)

go along with være enig med, si seg enig i

• my father doesn't go along with my decision to live with Paul

go all out ( hverdagslig) ta seg helt ut

go all the way ( ungdomsspråk) ha samleie

go all the way with være helt enig med ( sport) være på høyde med

go around eller go round (spesielt amer., om fly) avbryte et landingsforsøk og prøve på nytt

go around with gå sammen med, henge sammen med

go at gyve løs på

• he went at the task with an admirable eagerness

go back ( om klokken) bli stilt tilbake ha kjent hverandre lenge

• your father and I go back more than twenty years

go back on svikte, gå tilbake på (hva en har sagt)

• you can't go back on your word

go bad bli dårlig, bli bedervet

go from bad to worse gå fra asken til ilden

go down (om skip, fly) gå ned, synke, krasje tape, bli slått

• the home team went down 2-1

• his name went down in history

( overført) bli mottatt (av publikum)

• her show went down quite well

• a spoonful of sugar makes the medicine go down

(amer., hverdagslig) skje

• I really don't know what's going down

(britisk, hverdagslig) fullføre studier (særlig ved Oxford eller Cambridge) (britisk, hverdagslig) bli satt i fengsel

go down on somebody (vulgært, slang, om oralsex) sokke noen, suge noen, slikke noen

go down with ( britisk) begynne å bli syk (av en spesifisert sykdom)

• I went down with the flu

go for bestemme seg for, velge

• how I wish he had gone for the other candidate!

• Agnes went for the silent type

• he went for a position in the Civil Service

• the dog went for the postman's leg

• the property went for a song

• everyone listen - that goes for you too, young man!

go for it! ikke gi deg!

go forward ( om klokken) bli stilt frem

go in for delta, melde seg på

• he went in for the competition

like, gå på, delta i (regelmessig)

• I don't go in for football

go into kjøre inn i, kollidere gå inn på, undersøke

• there's no reason to go into details

( matematikk) gå (opp) i

• how many times does 3 go into 18?

go off (om våpen, bomber e.l.) eksplodere, antenne ( om alarm) gå

• everybody had to leave the building when the fire alarm went off

( hverdagslig) miste selvbeherskelsen, «gå i lufta» (spesielt britisk, om mat) bli dårlig, bli bedervet, bli sur (spesielt britisk, hverdagslig) miste lysten på, begynne å mislike

• I went off red meat when I was pregnant

( om følelse) avta gradvis, gå over

• I had a splitting headache but it's going off now

go on ( ofte med presens partisipp) fortsette

• she couldn't go on working there

• he went on and on about how I had forgotten his birthday

( i gjengitt direkte tale) fortsette (å snakke) etter et kort opphold

• 'I don't think so', she went on

( hverdagslig) kom igjen

• go on, tell him!

• I wonder what's going on

( ofte med infinitiv) gå videre, fortsette

• she went on to university

(hverdagslig, ofte negativt) like, ha noe til overs for, synes om

• I heard that song last night and didn't go much on it

go out ( om lys e.l.) slukne ( om tidevann) ebbe, avta, bli lavvann gå ut (av huset)

• I'm going out for lunch today

være sammen med, ha følge med

• she had been going out with the same boy for ages

• my heart goes out to the victim's family

( golf) spille de første ni hullene i en omgang på atten ( i kortspill) kaste kortene, kvitte seg med kortene en har på hånden

go over gjennomgå

• can we go over the procedure once more, please

• he went over to the Conservatives

( spesielt om en handling eller opptreden) bli godt mottatt, gå hjem hos (publikum)

• his performance went over well with the audience

go round eller go around ( om hjul e.l.) gå rundt, dreie rundt ( om mat) rekke rundt, være tilstrekkelig

• there was barely enough cake to go round

( overført) fungere, gå

• money makes the world go round

go through gjennomgå, lide

• we are going through a difficult period

• I had to go through the whole stock to find the book you were asking for

gjennomføre, fullføre, ferdigstille, avslutte

• the deal is just about to go through

( hverdagslig) bruke (opp)

• I went through my pay in a couple of weeks

( om bøker) bli utgitt (i flere opplag)

• his memoirs went through six editions in four years

(austr., hverdagslig) stikke av (fra en forpliktelse)

go to! ( gammeldags) gi deg!

go under ( om forretning e.l.) gå konkurs ( om person) gå dukken, dø, bryte sammen

go up ( om et byggverk) bli reist eksplodere, antenne (plutselig)

• the entire building went up in flames

(britisk, hverdagslig) begynne ved et universitet (spesielt Oxford eller Cambridge)

go with si seg enig med, gi tillatelse til ha et (seksuelt) forhold til

go without være foruten, klare seg uten, forsake

• he gave his children what they wanted, even if he had to go without

adj. \/ɡəʊ\/

(romteknologi, hverdagslig) (start)klar

• all systems (are) go

SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Land transport

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Royce was the younger son of a flour miller. His father's death forced him to earn his own living from the age of 10 selling newspapers, as a post office messenger boy, and in other jobs. At the age of 14, he became an apprentice at the Great Northern Railway's locomotive works, but was unable to complete his apprenticeship due to a shortage of money. He moved to a tool company in Leeds, then in 1882 he became a tester for the London Electric Light \& Power Company and attended classes at the City \& Guilds Technical College. In the same year, the company made him Chief Electrical Engineer for the lighting of the streets of Liverpool.

In 1884, at the age of 21, he founded F.H. Royce \& Co (later called Royce Ltd, from 1894 to 1933) with a capital of £70, manufacturing arc lamps, dynamos and electric cranes. In 1903, he bought a 10 hp Deauville car which proved noisy and unreliable; he therefore designed his own car. By the end of 1903 he had produced a twocylinder engine which ran for many hundreds of hours driving dynamos; on 31 March 1904, a 10 hp Royce car was driven smoothly and silently from the works in Cooke Street, Manchester. This car so impressed Charles S. Rolls, whose London firm were agents for high-class continental cars, that he agreed to take the entire output from the Manchester works. In 1906 they jointly formed Rolls-Royce Ltd and at the end of that year Royce produced the first 40/50 hp Silver Ghost, which remained in production until 1925 when it was replaced by the Phantom and Wraith. The demand for the cars grew so great that in 1908 manufacture was transferred to a new factory in Derby.

In 1911 Royce had a breakdown due to overwork and his lack of attention to taking regular meals. From that time he never returned to the works but continued in charge of design from a drawing office in his home in the south of France and later at West Wittering, Sussex, England. During the First World War he designed the Falcon, Hawk and Condor engines as well as the VI2 Eagle, all of which were liquid-cooled. Later he designed the 36.7-litre Rolls-Royce R engines for the Vickers Supermarine S.6 and S.6B seaplanes which were entered for the Schneider Trophy (which they won in 1929 and 1931, the 5.5 having won in 1927 with a Napier Lion engine) and set a world speed record of 408 mph (657 km/h) in 1931; the 1941 Griffon engine was derived from the R.

Royce was an improver rather than an innovator, though he did invent a silent form of valve gear, a friction-damped slipper flywheel, the Royce carburettor and a spring drive for timing gears. He was a modest man with a remarkable memory who concentrated on perfecting the detail of every component. He married Minnie Punt, but they had no children. A bust of him at the Derby factory is captioned simply "Henry Royce, Mechanic".

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old [əʊld]

1. adjective

   a. ( = aged) vieux ( vieille f)

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► The masculine form of vieux is vieil when the adjective precedes a vowel or silent h.

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• an old man un vieil homme

• an old lady une vieille dame

• old people les personnes âgées

• older people les personnes fpl d'un certain âge

• old for his years ( = mature) mûr (pour son âge)

• to get old(er) vieillir

• to be old before one's time être vieux avant l'âge

• my old man (inf!) ( = husband) mon homme (inf) ; ( = father) mon paternel (inf)

   b. (of specified age) how old are you? quel âge as-tu ?

• he is ten years old il a dix ans

• at ten years old à (l'âge de) dix ans

• a six-year-old boy un garçon de six ans

• for 10 to 15-year-olds destiné aux 10-15 ans

• he's older than you il est plus âgé que toi

• he's six years older than you il a six ans de plus que toi

• she's the oldest c'est elle la plus vieille

• older brother frère m aîné

• his oldest son son fils aîné

• you're old enough to know better! à ton âge tu devrais avoir plus de bon sens !

   c. ( = not new, not recent) vieux ( vieille f) ; (with antique value) ancien after n

• an old building un vieil immeuble

• the old part of Nice le vieux Nice

• Martyn? we're old friends Martyn ? c'est un ami de longue date

   d. ( = former) [school, home] ancien before n

• this is the old way of doing it c'est comme ça que l'on faisait autrefois

• in the old days autrefois

• just like old times! c'est comme au bon vieux temps !

• in the good old days au bon vieux temps

   e. (as intensifier) any old how (inf) n'importe comment

2. noun

• in days of old au temps jadis

• I know him of old je le connais depuis longtemps

3. plural noun

the old les personnes fpl âgées

4. compounds

► old age noun vieillesse f

► old age pensioner noun (British) retraité (e) m(f)

► the Old Bailey noun (British) cour d'assises de Londres

► the Old Bill (inf!) noun

(British) la rousse (inf !)

► old boy noun (British) [of school] ancien élève m

► old-fashioned adjective démodé ; [person] vieux jeu inv

► old girl noun (British) [of school] ancienne élève f

► Old Glory noun (US) bannière f étoilée

► old hat noun

• that's old hat! (inf) c'est dépassé ! ► old maid noun vieille fille f

► old master noun ( = painting) tableau m de maître

► old people's home noun maison f de retraite

► old school tie noun cravate aux couleurs de l'ancienne école de qn

► old-style adjective à l'ancienne (mode)

► Old Testament noun Ancien Testament m

► old-timer (inf) noun vieux (inf) m

► old wives' tale noun conte m de bonne femme

► the Old World noun le Vieux Monde m

► old-world adjective [charm, atmosphere] désuet (- ète f)

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La cravate est l'élément distinctif principal de l'uniforme que portent les élèves des écoles britanniques, à tel point qu'elle en est venue à symboliser le réseau de relations dont continuent de bénéficier dans leur carrière les anciens élèves des écoles les plus prestigieuses. On dira ainsi « how did he get the job ? -- it was a case of the old school tie » (il a fait joué ses relations).

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* * *

1) ( old people)

2)

1) ( not young) vieux/vieille, âgé

2) ( of a particular age)

3) ( not new) [object, song, tradition, family] vieux/vieille; [excuse] classique; [joke] rebattu

4) (former, previous) [address, school, job, admirer, system] ancien/-ienne (before n)

5) (colloq) ( as term of affection) vieux/vieille

6) (colloq) ( as intensifier)

1883-1944

   Escoces, parece que solo una de las peliculas que dirigio le dio verdadero prestigio, su version de 20.000 leguas de viaje submarino, rodada en 1916. Despues, tanto en el mudo como en el sonoro, peliculas dignas de un estudio arqueologico. Se retira en 1938. Ese ano dirige The Alamo: Shrine of Texas Liberty, que tiene la peculiaridad de carecer de dia logos; en lugar de ellos, un narrador va explicando lo que sucede en la pantalla.

   FILMOGRAFIA

    The Mystery Trooper (El jinete enmascarado) (co.d: Harry S. Webb). 1931. 195 minutos (10 episodios). Blanco y Negro. Syndicate. Robert Frazer, Blanche Mehaffey.

    In Old Cheyenne. 1931. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Sono Art/World Wide. Rex Lease, Dorothy Gulliver, Jay Hunt.

    Mounted Fury. 1931. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Sono Art/World Wide. John Bowers, Blanche Mehaffey.

    The Silent Code. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Stage and Screen. Kane Richmond, Blanche Mehaffey.

    Thunderbolt. 1935. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Regal Distributing Corp. Kane Richmond, Bobby Nelson.

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace, Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications

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[br]

[br]

He was a very bright scholar and received a BSc in electrical technology from City and Guilds College in 1923. He joined International Western Electric (later to become Standard Telephone and Cables) in 1924 after a period as an instructor/demonstrator at City and Guilds. He was instrumental in the design of telephone measuring equipment and in international committee work for standards for long-distance telephony.

From 1929 Blumlein was employed by the Columbia Graphophone Company to develop an electric recording cutterhead that would be independent of Western Electric's patents for the system developed by Maxfield and Harrison. He attacked the problems in a most systematic fashion, and within a year he had developed a moving-coil cutterhead that was much more linear than the iron-cored systems known at the time. Eventually Blumlein designed a complete line of recording equipment, from microphone and through-power amplifiers. The design was used by Columbia; after the merger with the Gramophone Company in 1931 to form Electrical and Musical Industries Ltd (later known as EMI) it became the company standard, certainly for coarse-groove records, until c.1950.

Blumlein became interested in stereophony (binaural sound), and developed and demonstrated a complete line of equipment, from correctly placed microphones via two-channel records and stereo pick-ups to correctly placed loudspeakers. The advent of silent surfaces of vinyl records made this approach commercial from the late 1950s. His approach was independent and quite different from that of A.C. Keller.

His extreme facility for creating innovative solutions to electronic problems was used in EMI's development from 1934 to 1938 of the electronic television system, which became the BBC standard of 405 lines after the Second World War, when television broadcasting again became possible. Independent of official requirements, EMI developed a 60 MHz radar system and Blumlein was involved in the development of a centimetric radar and display system. It was during testing of this aircraft mounted equipment that he was killed in a crash.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications

[br]

[br]

[br]

De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.

He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.

Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.

Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.

During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.

In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.

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KF / JW

new [nju:]

1. adjective

   a. ( = different, not seen before) nouveau ( nouvelle f) ; (masculine before vowel or silent "h") nouvel ; ( = not old) neuf ( neuve f)

• I've got a new car ( = different) j'ai une nouvelle voiture ; ( = brand-new) j'ai une voiture neuve

• as good as new comme neuf

• the new people at number five les nouveaux arrivants du numéro cinq

• new recruit nouvelle recrue f

• are you new here? vous venez d'arriver ici ? ; (in school, firm) vous êtes nouveau ici ?

• the New Left la nouvelle gauche

• he's a new man since he remarried c'est un autre homme depuis qu'il s'est remarié

• that's nothing new! ça n'est pas nouveau !

• that's a new one on me! (inf) première nouvelle ! (inf)

• what's new? (inf) quoi de neuf ? (inf)

► to be new to sth

• I'm new to this kind of work je n'ai jamais fait ce genre de travail

• he's new to the area il est nouveau dans le quartier

   b. ( = fresh) [bread, cheese] frais ( fraîche f) ; [wine] nouveau ( nouvelle f)

2. compounds

► New Age adjective New Age inv

► New Brunswick noun Nouveau-Brunswick m

► New England noun Nouvelle-Angleterre f

► New Englander noun habitant (e) m(f) de la Nouvelle-Angleterre

► new face noun nouveau visage m

► new-fangled adjective (pejorative) ultramoderne

► new-found adjective de fraîche date

► New Guinea noun Nouvelle-Guinée f

► new-laid egg noun œuf m du jour

► new look noun new-look m

► new-look adjective new-look inv

► New Mexico noun Nouveau-Mexique m

► new moon noun nouvelle lune f

► new-mown adjective [grass] frais coupé ; [hay] frais fauché

► New Orleans noun La Nouvelle-Orléans f

► new potato noun pomme f de terre nouvelle

► the New Testament noun le Nouveau Testament

► new town noun (British) ville f nouvelle

► the New World noun le Nouveau Monde

► New Year noun → New Year

► New York noun New York

• in New York State dans l'État de New York adjective new-yorkais ► New Yorker noun New-Yorkais (e) m(f)

► New Zealand noun Nouvelle-Zélande f adjective

► New Zealander noun Néo-Zélandais (e) m(f)

* * *

adjective (recent, different, not known, seen, owned etc before) nouveau/-elle; ( brand new) neuf/neuve

1) Спорт: Tri State Wrestling

2) Военный термин: The Scottish Warrior, tactical strike weapon

3) Техника: test software, transmitting side wire

4) Религия: The Simple World

5) Страхование: Tropical load line mark

6) Сокращение: Tactical Supply Wing (UK Royal Air Force), Tswana, temperature switch, test switch

7) Университет: The Students Will

8) Вычислительная техника: TeleSoftWare (T-Online)

9) Транспорт: Thomas Steering Wheel, Too Soft Wheels

10) Фирменный знак: The Silent Workhorse

11) СМИ: Television South- West

12) Нефть и газ: tracking switch

1) грубое обращение; насилие

2) грубое нарушение правил (напр., в спорте)

all: (часто А.) все сущее;
мир, вселенная - this above * это превыше всего самое дорогое или ценное для кого-л - * to give one's * отдать самое дорогое на свете - * to stake one's * in this struggle поставить на карту все в этой борьбе весь, целый, вся, все - * his life вся его жизнь - he lives here * his life он прожил здесь всю свою жизнь - * the time все время - * (the) day весь день - he sat up * night он не ложился (спать) всю ночь;
он вообще не ложился - * the year round круглый год - * England вся Англия - * the company вся компания все - * men все (люди) - * things все, все вещи - * countries все страны - at * times во все времена, всегда - a film suitable for * ages фильм, который могут смотреть взрослые и дети - * man are not equally dependable не на всех людей можно в равной степени полагаться всякий, всевозможный;
любой - in * directions во всех направлениях - * manner of... всякого рода... - * manner of men всякие люди - in * respects во всех отношениях - at * events во всяком случае, при всех обстоятельствах - at * hours в любое время весь, наибольший, предельный;
максимально возможный - with * respect с полным уважением - with * speed с предельной скоростью - in * haste со всей поспешностью - he spoke in * earnestness он говорил со всей серьезностью - I wish you * happiness я желаю вам самого большого счастья какой-нибудь, какой бы то ни было - beyond * doubt вне всякого сомнения - he denied * responsibility он сказал. что он ни за что не отвечает (эмоционально-усилительно) весь - he was * ears он весь обратился в слух - he was * eyes он смотрел во все глаза - I am * attention я весь внимание - she is * gratitude она сама благодарность - he was * smiles он весь расплылся в улыбке - a face * pimples не лицо, а одни прыщи (американизм) (диалектизм) закончившийся, истекший;
был да сплыл - the pie is * весь пирог съеден;
пирог кончился - the butter is * масло кончилось, масла больше нет > * things require skill but an appetite (пословица) аппетит дается от рождения > of * people кто-кто, но не вы (выражение удивления чьим-л поступком, кем-л) > of * people he should be the last to complain не ему бы жаловаться!;
у него меньше всех оснований для жалоб > why ask me to help, of * people? с какой стати вы обращаетесь за помощью именно ко мне? > of * idiots! свет таких дураков не видел! всецело, целиком, полностью - * set готовый к действию, в полной готовности - the pin is * gold булавка вя из золота - * covered with mud весь забрызганный грязью - that's * wrong это совсем не так, это неверно - things are * wrong все идет не так, все пошло прахом - I am * for staying here я целиком за то, чтобы остаться здесь - my wife is * for calling in a doctor моя жена обязательно хочет позвать врача совсем. совершенно - he was * alone он был совершенно один - he did it * alone он сделал это без посторонней помощи - he arrived * too late он пришел совсем поздно только, ничего кроме, исключительно - he spent his income * on pleasure он тратил (свои) деньги только на развлечения - * words and no thoughts сплошные слова и никаких (своих) мыслей (спортивное) (жаргон) поровну, ровно( о счете) - the score was two * счет был по два - love * по нулю,0:0 в сочетаниях: - * along( разговорное) все время, всегда - I knew it * along я всегда это знал;
мне это было давно известно - * round, * around кругом, со всех сторон;
- * through все целиком, до конца - to read a book * through прочитать книгу от корки до корки;
- riding * through the night ехал всю ночь напролет - * at once вдруг, сразу, внезапно;
одновременно - has he made up his mind * at once? он что же, вдруг так сразу и решил? - * of a sudden вдруг, неожиданно - * the better тем лучше - * the more тем более;
тем больше оснований (сделать, сказать что-л) - * the same безразлично, все равно;
все-таки, тем не менее - it's * the same to me whether he comes or not мне все равно, придет он или нет - if it is * the same to you если вы не возражаете;
если это вам безразлично - * the same I wish you hadn't done it и все же мне жаль, что вы это сделали - * one все равно, безразлично - it's * one to me мне это безразлично > * there зоркий, бдительный, всегда начеку > not * there придурковатый, глуповатый;
чокнутый, "с приветом" > he is not quite * there у него не все дома > * over покончено, закончено, завершено > their troubles are * over все их неприятности позади > it is * over with him с ним все кончено;
с ним покончено;
для него все кончено, он погиб > the game is * over игра окончена > * up (полиграфия) (полностью) набранный;
безнадежный, пропащий > it's * up with him - they've caught him теперь ему крышка - они схватили его > * of a dither в состоянии растерянности и недоумения все - * agree все согласны - * are present все присутствуют - we * love him мы все его любим - they * came late все они опоздали все - * is lost все пропало;
- is that * you want to say? это все, что вы хотите сказать? - I know it * я все это знаю - * in good time все в свое время - in the middle of it * в середине всего этого( разговора, события) в сочетаниях: - * of все;
все - of them must come они все должны прийти - * of it все (целиком) - * of this is beside the point все это к делу не относится - it cost him * of 1000 dollars это ему стоило по меньшей мере 1000 долларов - most of * больше всего - I love him most of * я люблю его больше всего - best of * лучше всего;
больше всего (the) best of * would be to... лучше всего было бы... - I love him best of * я люблю его больше всех - when I was busiest of * когда я был больше всего занят - one and *, each and * все до одного - * and sundry, one and * все без исключения, все подряд, все до одного > not at * ничуть;
пожалуйста, не стоит благодарности (в ответ на "спасибо") > not at * good нисколько не хорош > nothing at * совсем ничего;
ерунда > and * и все остальное;
и так далее, и все такое прочее, и тому подобное > he bought the house and * он купил дом и все, что в нем было > I wash and scrub and dust and * я стираю, мою полы, вытираю пыль и так далее > in * всего > there were only ten men in * их было всего десять( человек) > * in * в итоге, всего;
в общем;
самое дорогое;
самое важное;
полностью, целиком > * in *, the article undergoes 20 inspections в итоге каждое изделие проверяется 20 раз > take it * in *, this has been a hard week в общем и целом неделя была трудная > * in *, he is right в общем он прав > * in *, it might be worse в общем, дело могло обернуться хуже > her work was * in * to her работа была для нее всем > they are * in * to each other они души друг в друге не чают > and trust me not at all or * in * и либо вовсе мне не верь, либо доверяй полностью > take smb., smth for * in * в полном смысле > he is a man, take him for * in * он настоящий мужчина > * to pieces в полном упадке сил (физических и моральных) > for * хотя > for * he is so silent nothing escapes him хоть он и молчит, ничего не ускользает от его внимания > * for nothing зря, напрасно > for * I care мне это безразлично > he may be dead for * I care мне совершенно все равно, жив он или нет > for * he may say... что бы он ни говорил... > at * вообще;
хоть сколько-нибудь > if he comes at * если он вообще придет > if he coughs at * she runs to him стоит ему только кашлянуть, она бежит к нему > if you hesitate at * если вы хоть сколько-нибудь колеблетесь > without at * presuming to criticize you... отнюдь не желая критиковать вас... > not to know what * и так далее, и прочее > she must have a new hat, new shoes, and I don't know what * ей нужна новая шляпа, новые туфли и всякое такое > if at * если и есть, то очень мало;
если это случится > he will write to you tomorrow if at * он вам напишет завтра, если вообще будет писать > he will be here in time if at * если он придет, то (придет) вовремя > * to the good все к лучшему > * told с учетом всего;
в общем и целом > there were six people * told в конечном счете их оказалось шестеро > * very well but... это все прекрасно, но... (выражает сомнение) > she says he's reliable which is * very well, but it doesn't convince me она говорит, что он человек надежный, но меня это не очень убеждает > it's * wery well for you to say so, but... вам легко так говорить, но...

all: ~ one to (совершенно) безразлично ~ pron. indef. (как прил.) весь, вся, все, все;
all day весь день;
all the time все время ~ как сущ. все имущество;
they lost their all in the fire при пожаре погибло все их имущество ~ как сущ. все, все;
all agree все согласны ~ как нареч. всецело, вполне;
совершенно;
the pin was all gold булавка была целиком из золота ~ pron. indef. (как прил.) всякий, всевозможный;
in all respects во всех отношениях;
beyond all doubt вне всякого сомнения ~ как сущ. целое

~ как сущ. все, все;
all agree все согласны

~ alone без всякой помощи, самостоятельно ~ alone в полном одиночестве

~ round = allround;
all along все время

~ and sundry все вместе и каждый в отдельности ~ and sundry каждый и всякий

~ around кругом, со всех сторон ~ round = all around

~ at once вдруг, внезапно once: all at ~ неожиданно

~ but почти, едва не but: ~ только, лишь;
I saw him but a moment я видел его лишь мельком;
she is but nine years old ей только девять лет;
but just только что;
all but почти;
едва не

~ pron. indef. (как прил.) весь, вся, все, все;
all day весь день;
all the time все время day: day день;
сутки;
on that day в тот день;
all (the) day весь день

all: ~ one to (совершенно) безразлично

~ over повсюду, кругом;
all over the world по всему свету ~ over совершенно, полностью

~ over повсюду, кругом;
all over the world по всему свету

~ round = allround;
all along все время ~ round = all around round: all (или right) ~ кругом;
all the year round круглый год;
a long way round кружным путем

~ the more so тем более more: neither ~ nor less than ни больше, ни меньше как;
не что иное, как;
all the more so тем более

~ pron. indef. (как прил.) весь, вся, все, все;
all day весь день;
all the time все время

~ told все без исключения tell: ~ уст. считать;
подсчитывать;
пересчитывать;
to tell one's beads читать молитвы, перебирая четки;
all told в общей сложности, в общем;
включая всех или все

~ round = allround;
all along все время

at ~ вообще, совсем;
this plant will only grow in summer if at all это растение, если и вырастет, то только летом

~ pron. indef. (как прил.) всякий, всевозможный;
in all respects во всех отношениях;
beyond all doubt вне всякого сомнения

in ~ полностью, всего;
a dozen in all всего дюжина

he is not quite ~ there он не в своем уме;
у него не все дома

in ~ полностью, всего;
a dozen in all всего дюжина

~ pron. indef. (как прил.) всякий, всевозможный;
in all respects во всех отношениях;
beyond all doubt вне всякого сомнения respect: in all ~s во всех отношениях;
in respect that учитывая, принимая во внимание

it is ~ over with him он человек конченый

once for ~ навсегда once: ~ every day раз в день;
once (and) for all раз (и) навсегда

~ как нареч. всецело, вполне;
совершенно;
the pin was all gold булавка была целиком из золота

she is her mother ~ over она вылитая мать

that's ~ there is to it вот и все;
не о чем больше говорить that: ~'s it! вот именно!, правильно!;
that's all there is to it ну, вот и все;
this and that разные

~ как сущ. все имущество;
they lost their all in the fire при пожаре погибло все их имущество

at ~ вообще, совсем;
this plant will only grow in summer if at all это растение, если и вырастет, то только летом

1) tot

2) tot [Materie]; erloschen [Vulkan, Gefühl, Interesse]; verbraucht, leer [Batterie]; tot [Telefon, Leitung, Saison, Kapital, Ball, Sprache]

3) (expr. completeness) plötzlich [Halt]; völlig [Stillstand]; genau [Mitte]

4) (benumbed) taub

5) (exhausted) erschöpft; kaputt (ugs.)

1) (completely) völlig

2) (exactly)

1)

2) pl. the dead: die Toten Pl.

* * *

1) (without life; not living: a dead body; Throw out those dead flowers.) tot

2) (not working and not giving any sign of being about to work: The phone/engine is dead.) tot

3) (absolute or complete: There was dead silence at his words; He came to a dead stop.) völlig

- academic.ru/18635/deaden">deaden

- dead end

* * *

I. adj

1. inv (not alive) tot; plant abgestorben, tot

she's been \dead for three years sie ist [schon] drei Jahre tot

to be \dead on arrival beim Eintreffen ins Krankenhaus bereits tot sein

\dead body Leiche f

to drop \dead tot umfallen

to shoot sb \dead jdn erschießen

to be shot \dead erschossen werden

2. inv (obsolete, not active) custom ausgestorben; feelings erloschen; (gone out) fire erloschen, aus fam; railway line stillgelegt

acid rain has become a \dead issue über sauren Regen spricht heute keiner mehr

my cigarette is \dead meine Zigarette ist ausgegangen; (no longer in use)

are these tins \dead? brauchst du diese Dosen noch?

\dead language tote Sprache

\dead volcano erloschener Vulkan

3. inv (numb) limbs taub

my legs have gone \dead meine Beine sind eingeschlafen

4. inv (with no emotion) voice kalt; (flat) sound dumpf

5. inv (not bright) colour matt, stumpf

6. (boring, deserted) city tot, [wie] ausgestorben präd; party öde; season tot

\dead performance glanzlose Vorführung

7. inv FIN unproduktiv, ertraglos

\dead capital totes Kapital

8. ( fig fam: exhausted) tot fam, kaputt fam, erledigt fam

to be \dead on one's feet zum Umfallen müde sein

9. inv (not functioning) phone, radio, TV tot

and then the phone went \dead und dann war die Leitung tot

the phone has gone \dead die Leitung ist tot

the line went \dead die Leitung brach zusammen

10. inv ( fig: used up) verbraucht; battery leer; match erloschen

11. attr, inv (totally) völlig, total, absolut

that remark was a \dead giveaway diese Bemerkung sagte alles

wow, \dead centre! hui, genau in die Mitte!

\dead calm METEO Windstille f

to be in a \dead faint in eine tiefe Ohnmacht gefallen sein

\dead silence Totenstille f

we sat in \dead silence keiner von uns sagte auch nur ein Wort

to come to a \dead stop zum völligen Stillstand kommen

12. inv (fast asleep)

▪ to be \dead tief und fest schlafen

to be \dead to the world fest eingeschlafen [o fam total weg] sein

13. inv SPORT

\dead ball toter Ball (Ball, der ohne Bewertung ins Aus geht)

▶ over my \dead body nur über meine Leiche fam

▶ to be \dead and buried tot und begraben sein

▶ to catch [or get] [or have] sb \dead to rights jdn auf frischer Tat ertappen

▶ to be [as] \dead as a doornail [or ( dated) dodo] mausetot sein fam

▶ to be a \dead duck thing eine Schnapsidee sein; person eine Null sein fam

▶ you'll be \dead meat if you ever do that again ich kill dich, wenn du das noch einmal machst! sl

▶ \dead men tell no tales ( prov) Tote reden nicht

▶ to be \dead from the neck strohdoof [o SCHWEIZ strohdumm] sein fam

▶ to be a \dead ringer for sb ein Doppelgänger von jdm sein, für jdn durchgehen können

▶ I wouldn't be seen \dead in that dress so ein Kleid würde ich nie im Leben anziehen

▶ I wouldn't be seen \dead in that pub in diese Kneipe [o ÖSTERR dieses Beisl] [o SCHWEIZ diese Beiz] würden mich keine zehn Pferde bringen

II. adv

1. inv ( fam: totally) absolut, total, völlig

I'm \dead beat ich bin todmüde

your analysis is \dead on target deine Analyse trifft genau ins Schwarze

you're \dead right du hast vollkommen [o absolut] Recht!

“\dead slow” „Schritt fahren“

\dead certain todsicher fam

\dead drunk stockbetrunken

\dead easy esp BRIT kinderleicht

\dead good BRIT ( fam) super fam

to have been \dead lucky Schwein gehabt haben sl

to be \dead set against sth absolut gegen etw akk sein

to be \dead set on sth etw felsenfest vorhaben

\dead silent totenstill

\dead still regungslos

\dead tired todmüde

2. inv (exactly) genau

the town hall is \dead ahead die Stadthalle liegt direkt da vorne

to be \dead in the centre genau in der Mitte sein

\dead on five o'clock Punkt fünf

\dead on target genau im Ziel

\dead on time auf die Minute genau

to be \dead on time pünktlich wie die Maurer sein BRD, ÖSTERR fam

▶ to stop \dead in one's tracks auf der Stelle stehen bleiben

▶ to stop sth \dead in its tracks etw völlig zum Stillstand bringen

his political career was stopped \dead in its tracks seine politische Karriere fand ein jähes Ende

▶ \dead straight:

are you coming to the party? — \dead straight I am gehst du auf die Party? — darauf kannst du wetten! fam

▶ to tell sb sth \dead straight jdm unverblümt die Wahrheit sagen

III. n

1. (people)

▪ the \dead pl die Toten pl; ( fig)

you're making enough noise to wake the \dead! bei dem Lärm kann man ja Tote aufwecken!

let the \dead bury the \dead lasst die Toten die Toten begraben

to come back from the \dead (come back to life) aus dem Jenseits zurückkommen, von den Toten zurückkehren

to show [some] respect for the \dead den Toten Respekt zollen [o erweisen

to rise from the \dead (recover from an illness) [von den Toten] auferstehen, wieder auferstehen iron; SPORT sich akk fangen

3. (right in the middle)

in the \dead of night mitten in der Nacht

in the \dead of winter im tiefsten Winter

* * *

1. adj

1) tot; plant abgestorben, tot

2) (= not sensitive) limbs abgestorben, taub

3) (= without activity etc) town, season tot; business flau

4) (ELEC) cable stromlos; (TELEC) tot

5) (= burned out) fire aus pred; match abgebrannt

6) (inf: finished with) (TYP) copy abgesetzt

7) (SPORT) ball tot

8) (= obsolete) language etc tot; custom ausgestorben

9) (= absolute, exact) total, völlig

10) colour tot, stumpf, matt; sound dumpf

11) (TYP)

12) (inf: exhausted) tot (inf), völlig kaputt (inf)

2. adv

1) (= exactly) genau

2) (Brit inf = very) total (inf), völlig

3)

3. n

1)

2)

* * *

dead [ded]

A adj (adv → deadly B)

1. tot, gestorben:

(as) dead as mutton ( oder a doornail) umg mausetot;

dead and gone tot und begraben (a. fig);

be dead to the world umg hinüber sein:

a) eingeschlafen sein

b) das Bewusstsein verloren haben

c) sinnlos betrunken sein;

play dead sich tot stellen;

be dead from the neck up umg

a) gehirnamputiert sein pej,

b) keinerlei geistige Interessen haben;

dead man’s handle BAHN Sicherheitsfahrschaltungstaster m, SIFA-Taster m;

a) auf eine Erbschaft warten,

b) warten, bis jemand stirbt, damit man in seine Position nachrücken kann;

he is dead of pneumonia er ist an Lungenentzündung gestorben;

he is a dead man fig er ist ein Kind des Todes, er ist ein toter Mann;

dead men tell no tales Tote reden nicht; → body A 2, shoot B 2 c, etc

2. tot, leblos:

dead matter tote Materie ( → A 23)

3. totenähnlich, tief (Schlaf):

be in a dead faint in tiefer Ohnmacht liegen

4. umg restlos fertig, todmüde, zu Tode erschöpft

5. unzugänglich, unempfänglich ( beide:

to für):

be dead to pity keinerlei Mitleid haben

6. taub ( to advice gegen Ratschläge)

7. gefühllos, abgestorben, erstarrt (Finger etc):

go dead (jemandem) einschlafen ( → A 11)

8. fig gefühllos, gleichgültig, abgestumpft ( alle:

to gegen)

9. tot, ausgestorben:

dead language tote Sprache

10. überlebt, veraltet (Sitten etc)

11. erloschen (Feuer, Vulkan, Leidenschaft etc):

go dead ausgehen (Zigarette etc)( → A 7)

12. tot, geistlos

13. unfruchtbar, tot, leer, öde (Gegend etc)

14. tot, still, stehend: → dead water

15. JUR

a) ungültig (Abmachung etc)

b) bürgerlich tot

16. langweilig, öd(e) (Party etc)

17. tot, nichtssagend, farb-, ausdruckslos

18. besonders WIRTSCH still, ruhig, flau (Saison etc):

dead market flauer Markt

19. WIRTSCH tot (auch allg Wissen etc), gewinn-, umsatzlos:

dead assets pl unproduktive (Kapital)Anlage;

dead capital (stock) totes Kapital (Inventar)

20. TECH

a) außer Betrieb, tot:

dead track totes Gleis

b) defekt (Ventil etc):

dead engine ausgefallener oder abgestorbener Motor

c) leer (Batterie)

21. TECH tot, starr, fest (Achse)

22. ELEK strom-, spannungslos, tot

23. TYPO abgelegt:

dead matter Ablegesatz m ( → A 2)

24. besonders ARCH blind, Blend…:

dead floor Blend-, Blindboden m;

dead window totes Fenster

25. Sack… (ohne Ausgang):

dead street Sackgasse f

26. dumpf, klanglos, tot (Ton)

27. matt (Augen, Farben etc):

dead gilding matte Vergoldung

28. schal, abgestanden (Getränk)

29. verwelkt, dürr, abgestorben (Blumen etc)

30. (akustisch) tot:

dead room toter oder schalldichter Raum

31. völlig, absolut, restlos, total:

dead certainty absolute Gewissheit;

dead silence Totenstille f;

dead stop völliger Stillstand;

come to a dead stop schlagartig stehen bleiben oder aufhören; → calm A 2, cert, earnest¹ B, loss 1, ringer² 4

32. todsicher umg, unfehlbar (Schütze etc)

33. äußerst(er, e, es) (Anstrengung etc):

a dead push ein verzweifelter, aber vergeblicher Stoß

34. SPORT tot, nicht im Spiel (Ball)

B s

1. stillste Zeit:

in the dead of night mitten in der Nacht;

the dead of winter der tiefste Winter

2. the dead koll die Toten pl:

rise from the dead von den Toten auferstehen;

the dead and the living die Lebenden und die Toten

C adv

1. umg restlos, absolut, völlig, gänzlich, total:

the facts are dead against him alles spricht gegen ihn;

be dead asleep im tiefsten Schlaf liegen;

dead beat umg wie erschlagen, fix und fertig;

dead black tiefschwarz;

dead drunk sinnlos betrunken;

be dead right hundertprozentig recht haben;

“dead slow” AUTO „Schritt fahren!“;

dead straight schnurgerade;

dead tired todmüde

2. plötzlich, abrupt:

stop dead (in one’s tracks) abrupt stehen bleiben oder aufhören

3. genau, direkt:

dead against genau gegenüber von (od dat);

be dead (set) against ganz und gar gegen etwas (eingestellt) sein;

be dead set on ganz scharf sein auf (akk) umg

* * *

1) tot

2) tot [Materie]; erloschen [Vulkan, Gefühl, Interesse]; verbraucht, leer [Batterie]; tot [Telefon, Leitung, Saison, Kapital, Ball, Sprache]

3) (expr. completeness) plötzlich [Halt]; völlig [Stillstand]; genau [Mitte]

4) (benumbed) taub

5) (exhausted) erschöpft; kaputt (ugs.)

1) (completely) völlig

2) (exactly)

1)

2) pl. the dead: die Toten Pl.

* * *

abgestorben adj.

außer Betrieb ausdr.

stromlos adj.

tot adj.

öd adj.

   1) The Discovery of Truth Depends on the Thoughtful Reading of Authoritative Texts

   For the Middle Ages, all discovery of truth was first reception of traditional authorities, then later-in the thirteenth century-rational reconciliation of authoritative texts. A comprehension of the world was not regarded as a creative function but as an assimilation and retracing of given facts; the symbolic expression of this being reading. The goal and the accomplishment of the thinker is to connect all these facts together in the form of the "summa." Dante's cosmic poem is such a summa too. (Curtius, 1973, p. 326)

   2) The Many Functions of Reading

   The readers of books... extend or concentrate a function common to us all. Reading letters on a page is only one of its many guises. The astronomer reading a map of stars that no longer exist; the Japanese architect reading the land on which a house is to be built so as to guard it from evil forces; the zoologist reading the spoor of animals in the forest; the card-player reading her partner's gestures before playing the winning card; the dancer reading the choreographer's notations, and the public reading the dancer's movements on the stage; the weaver reading the intricate design of a carpet being woven; the organ-player reading various simultaneous strands of music orchestrated on the page; the parent reading the baby's face for signs of joy or fright, or wonder; the Chinese fortune-teller reading the ancient marks on the shell of a tortoise; the lover blindly reading the loved one's body at night, under the sheets; the psychiatrist helping patients read their own bewildering dreams; the Hawaiian fisherman reading the ocean currents by plunging a hand into the water; the farmer reading the weather in the sky-all these share with book-readers the craft of deciphering and translating signs....

   We all read ourselves and the world around us in order to glimpse what and where we are. We read to understand, or to begin to understand. We cannot do but read. Reading, almost as much as breathing, is our essential function. (Manguel, 1996, pp. 6-7)

   3) Theories of Language Processing during Reading

   There is a pitched battle between those theorists and modellers who embrace the primacy of syntax and those who embrace the primacy of semantics in language processing. At times both schools have committed various excesses. For example, some of the former have relied foolishly on context-free mathematical-combinatory models, while some of the latter have flirted with versions of the "direct-access hypothesis," the idea that skilled readers process printed language directly into meaning without phonological or even syntactic processing. The problems with the first excess are patent. Those with the second are more complex and demand more research. Unskilled readers apparently do rely more on phonological processing than do skilled ones; hence their spoken dialects may interfere with their reading-and writing-habits. But the extent to which phonological processing is absent in the skilled reader has not been established, and the contention that syntactic processing is suspended in the skilled reader is surely wrong and not supported by empirical evidence-though blood-flow patterns in the brain are curiously different during speaking, oral reading, and silent reading. (M. L. Johnson, 1988, pp. 101-102)